hannes meyer (1889 1954)As aulas de Meyer eram baseadas no seu profundo conhecimento da
construção. Para ele, construir era um processo elementar que
exigia considerar as necessidades humanas biológicas,
intelectuais, espirituais e físicas. Por isso, era necessário
tomar em consideração a totalidade da existência humana.
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| Hannes Meyer: Laubenganghäuser |
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| Laubenganghaus, 1930. |
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| Laubenganghaus na Peterholzstraße, 2000. Foto: Harald Wetzel. |
A reorganização quase completa da Escola Bauhaus por Hannes Meyer reflectia o desejo do novo director de redirigir as intenções sociais e políticas da Bauhaus.
Deu prioridade aos ideais cooperativos: cooperação, equilíbrio harmonioso do indivíduo e da sociedade.
Depois de HM ter sido demitido da direcção da Bauhaus, foi Mies van der Rohe que tomou o cargo. Seguindo a sua vocação social e política, HM aceitou o cargo de Director da Academia de Arquitectura em Moscovo. Junto com ele vão alguns estudantes e colaboradores da Bauhaus - a «Brigade Meyer».
Em 1939, Meyer foi para o Instituto de Urbanismo y Planificación, no México.
Em comissões estatais, e como funcionário do Ministério do Trabalho, trabalhou aí entre 1942 e 1949, realizando com o tinha feito em Genf projectos de urbanismo. No ano de 1949 regressou à Suíça, onde morreu no dia 19 de Julho desse ano.
Wer hat Angst vor Hannes Meyer? Ein verfluchter Architekt / von Hermann Funke / Die Zeit. http://www.zeit.de/1967/08/Wer-hat-Angst-vor-Hannes-Mever
Bauhaus-Archiv u.a. (Hrsg.): Hannes Meyer. Architekt Urbanist Lehrer 1889-1954. Berlin 1989
M. Hays: Modernism and the posthumanist subject: the architecture of Hannes Meyer and Ludwig Hilberseimer. Cambridge 1992
M. Kieren: Hannes Meyer - Dokumente zur Frühzeit, Architektur- und Gestaltungsversuche 1919-1927.
U. Poerschke: Funktion als Gestaltungsbegriff. Dissertation BTU Cottbus 2005
C. Schnaidt: Hannes Meyer. Bauten, Projekte und Schriften, Buildings, projects and writings. Teufen 1965
K. Winkler: Der Architekt Hannes Meyer - Anschauungen und Werk. Berlin 1989
H. Prignitz: TGP: ein Grafiker-Kollektiv in Mexiko von 19371977. Berlin 1981
H. Prignitz-Poda: Taller de Gráfica Popular Werkstatt für grafische Volkskunst: Plakate und Flugblätter zu Arbeiterbewegung und Gewerkschaften in Mexiko 19371986. Berlin 2002, ISBN 3-935656-10-6
B. Merten: Der spezifische Beitrag Hannes Meyers zum Bauhaus. Magisterarbeit, Rheinische Friedrich-Wilhelms Universität Bonn, 2005,
Hannes Meyer / Vida y Obra. Patricia Barbero Rivadeneyra. México: UNAM, Facultad de Arquitectura, 2004.
Meyer scientized the training by introducing additional technical,
natural science and humanities subjects. For the Bauhaus work, he defined a new
social target group: "People's needs, not luxuries". At the Bauhaus, Meyer
taught architecture from 1927-1928, and become director of the Bauhaus from
1928-1930 and head of the Architecture Department. From 1930 to 1936, Meyer was
an urban planner and lecturer in the Soviet Union. From 1938 to 1949 he was a
lecturer, city planner and architect in Mexico.
Meyer was born in Basel,
Switzerland, in 1889, into a family of architects. He trained as a mason, and
practiced as an architect in Switzerland, Belgium, and Germany, briefly serving
as a department head at the Krupp Works in Essen. In Zurich he co-founded the
architectural magazine 'ABC Beiträge zum Bauen' (Contributions on
Building) in 1923. Meyer's design philosophy was based on examining daily
routine of people who live in the houses, creating the functional diagram. This
functional diagram and the economic programme become the determining principles
of his future building projects. In 1926 Meyer established a firm with Hans
Wittwer and produced his two most famous projects, for the Basel Petersschule
(1926) and for the Geneva League of Nations Building (1926/1927). Both projects
are strict, inventive, and rely on the new possibilities of structural steel,
but neither was built.
In April 1927, Walter Gropius appointed Meyer head of
the Bauhaus, Dessau architecture department. Meyer brought his radical
functionalist viewpoint that architecture was an organizational task with no
relationship to aesthetics, that buildings should be low cost and designed to
fulfill social needs.
After he became Bauhaus director in February 1928, he tightened the program around architecture and industrial design, forcing the resignations of Herbert Bayer, Marcel Breuer, and other figures. In an increasingly dangerous Weimar political atmosphere, Meyer's own outspoken communism and the growth of the Communist student organization in the Bauhaus became a threat to the existence of the school. Eventually, Dessau's municipal government, afraid of losing votes, fired him with a monetary settlement, on August 1, 1930. From Russia to Mexico Meyer responded to his dismissal from Bauhaus by taking seven students and a secretary to Moscow, forming a group they called the "Left Column". This was a parallel effort to Ernst May's "May brigade". Both groups worked on architectural and urban planning projects guided by socialist-utopian ideals.
The Soviet Union dismissed all such foreigners in 1936. Meyer returned to Geneva for three years, then emigrated to Mexico City to work for the Mexican government as the director of the Instituto del Urbanismo y Planification from 1942 through 1949. In Mexico City he also served as the director of Estampa Mexicana, the publishing house of the Taller de Gráfica Popular (the Popular Graphic Arts Workshop). In 1942 he was with his friend the Italian photographer Tina Modotti the night she died under mysterious circumstances. Meyer returned to Switzerland in 1949, and died in 1954.
Viele seiner Bauprojekte sind charakterisiert durch die Genossenschaftsbewegung. Eines der bedeutendsten Projekte war der Völkerbundpalast in Genf.
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